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When the U.S. Forest Service approved the sale of nearly 70 acres for commercial logging in southern Illinois’ Shawnee National Forest in late 2024, Sam Stearns was furious.
Shawnee is the only national forest in the state, and one of the smallest in the nation. The agency initially billed the timber sale, called the McCormick Oak-Hickory Restoration Project, as a “thinning” operation to remove older trees and make room for younger saplings. But logging operations contribute to habitat loss, and Stearns found the Forest Service’s justification lacking.
“Never in the history of this planet has a forest been logged back to health,” said the 71-year-old Stearns.
Stearns, who is the founder of the preservation group Friends of Bell Smith Spring, planned to oppose the sale. He began keeping an eye out for the agency’s public comment period, which provided residents like him an opportunity to voice their concerns. For months, he and other local environmentalists scoured the web and local newspapers for mentions of the sale to prepare for the comment period, but the McCormick Project never turned up.
It turned out that the Forest Service advertised the project under a completely different name. The sale was titled “V-Plow,” and by the time advocates realized it, they were already a week into the project’s three-week comment period. In the past, advocates said comment periods for logging operations lasted as long as 45 days.
Court documents later revealed that the agency initially didn’t receive any bids. It eventually awarded the contract to an interested buyer in Kentucky in June 2025.
The following month, Stearns and other environmentalists sued the agency to block the plan. They cited the presence of endangered bats and potential impacts to a nearby national natural landmark and alleged that the Forest Service had violated the National Environmental Policy Act, or NEPA. Earlier this fall, a federal judge temporarily blocked the project before allowing the logging to proceed. The case is still pending.
Cypress trees canvas Heron Pond in the Shawnee National Forest near Belknap, Ill., in April 2013. Back then, southern Illinoisans were concerned by high-volume oil and gas drilling. Today, advocates are worried the Trump administration’s fast-tracked logging will hurt the habitat.
Seth Perlman/AP file photo
The legal battle is part of a broader clash between fast-tracking projects and ensuring environmental reviews as required by federal law. NEPA mandates that federal agencies consider the environmental impacts of projects, but it includes a provision for “categorical exclusions” that let agencies bypass full reviews and limit public participation for minor proposals.
“This can be a legitimate process, for instance when used for routine things where the impacts are minimal and well established, like campsite or trail maintenance,” said Garrett Rose, a senior attorney with the Natural Resources Defense Council. “Unfortunately, this administration has [been] working to aggressively expand the exemptions available to [the Forest Service], and minimize disclosure of projects impacted by categorical exclusions.”
In 2023, the Biden administration attempted to use these shortcuts to speed up permitting for projects like renewable energy and broadband internet.
But earlier this year, President Donald Trump began pressing the Forest Service to fast-track timber harvests on public lands by using categorical exclusions. In some cases, that has meant repurposing ones developed by other agencies for other types of projects instead of taking the time and necessary steps to develop a new categorical exclusion.
Advocates fear the agency is applying categorical exclusions for logging projects more widely than before to comply with Trump’s directive and limit public awareness and input. Local watchdog groups across the country are scrambling to make sure the public has a chance to provide feedback when logging and oil and gas extraction are approved on public lands.
Ryan Talbott, a conservation advocate with Wildearth Guardians in the Pacific Northwest, said the Forest Service recently used a categorical exclusion developed by the Tennessee Valley Authority to approve a logging project in Mount Hood National Forest, which excused it from the standard public comment process. The agency also utilized the same categorical exclusion to move a project forward in Alaska’s Tongass National Forest.
“This all comes back to Trump’s timber executive order,” Talbott said. “They’re looking for every possible avenue to expedite timber production.”
In Indiana, environmentalists recently scored a rare victory against the Forest Service. In September, a federal judge stopped a logging project in the Hoosier National Forest, siding with local advocates who argued the agency’s plan violated NEPA. The ruling found that the Forest Service did not properly weigh the environmental impacts of a proposal to log 4,000 acres and open up 400 more to clearcutting, an intensive form of harvesting that removes most trees in an area, among other actions, within Indiana’s only national forest.
In Illinois, however, Stearns’ lawsuit is still ongoing. A Kentucky logging crew harvested about half of the nearly 70-acre timber sale in late August before temporarily halting in early September due to the lawsuit. The loggers have yet to finish the job.
Standing at a distance from the cut hillsides in late November, Stearns said the Forest Service is bad at a lot of things but good at one thing: cutting down trees.
“Even if they were getting a premium price for this wood, which I know they’re not, those trees would be much more valuable standing, contributing to the health of an ecosystem, than they’ll ever be cut like that,” he said.